This pilot study is the first fNIRS investigation of executive function for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Perhaps surprisingly, the between-group activation results from fNIRS were statistically stronger than the results using fMRI. These findings are consistent with a large functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of children with type 1 diabetes using completely different participants. Lower Conduct Problem scores are characteristic of less rule-breaking behavior suggesting a link between this brain network and better self-control. The activations in these regions were positively correlated with fewer parent-reported conduct problems (ie, lower Conduct Problem scores) on the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition. Both cohorts had the same performance on the task, but the individuals with type 1 diabetes subjects had higher activations in a frontal-parietal network including the bilateral supramarginal gyri and bilateral rostrolateral prefrontal cortices. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we investigated the brain functional activations of young adolescents (19 individuals with type 1 diabetes, 18 healthy controls, ages 8-16 years) during a Go/No-Go response inhibition task. However, the neural correlates of these differences remain poorly understood. When considered as a group, children with type 1 diabetes have subtle cognitive deficits relative to neurotypical controls.
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